![]() Furthermore, its realism was confirmed by alternative multi-source and multi-scale observations, particularly the freezing and thawing front in the soil, the lower limit of permafrost, and the trends in groundwater level variation. The results demonstrate that the FLEX-Topo-FS model can represent the effect of soil freeze-Thaw processes on hydrologic connectivity and groundwater discharge and significantly improve hydrograph simulation, including the LRET and DBR events. Third, based on the perceptual model and a landscape-based modeling framework (FLEX-Topo), a semi-distributed conceptual frozen soil hydrological model (FLEX-Topo-FS) was developed. Second, we developed a perceptual frozen soil hydrological model to explain the LRET and DBR properties. The following two new typical hydrograph properties were identified: The low runoff in the early thawing season (LRET) and the discontinuous baseflow recession (DBR). First, we diagnosed the impact of frozen soil on catchment hydrology, based on multi-source field observations, model discrepancy, and our expert knowledge. The complex mountainous Hulu catchment, northeast of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), was selected as the study site. Therefore, in this study, we explore the impact of frozen soil at the catchment scale, following a top-down approach, implying the following sequence: expert-driven data analysis → qualitative perceptual model → quantitative conceptual model → testing of model realism. However, frozen soil hydrology models have mostly been developed based on a bottom-up approach, i.e., by aggregating prior knowledge at the pixel scale, which is an approach notoriously suffering from equifinality and data scarcity. In spite of an increasing number of field measurements and modeling studies, the impact of frozen soil on hydrological processes at the catchment scale is still unclear. Increased attention directed at frozen soil hydrology has been prompted by climate change. #Lkrb 001 link it drivers#Our findings contribute to a growing appreciation of drivers and impacts of biological invasions. We review hypotheses concerning species traits and invasion pathways that are most likely to explain these patterns. This is consistent across the three investigated regions. ![]() Main conclusions: Despite the numerical and ecological importance of insects among all non-native species, non-native insect species are surprisingly rare in freshwater habitats. Overall, the proportion of non-native species was significantly lower in freshwater than in terrestrial species. This pattern occurred in purely aquatic orders and in orders with both freshwater and terrestrial species. Results: In most insect orders living in freshwater, non-native species were under-represented, while they were over-represented in a number of terrestrial orders. Marine insect species were excluded from our analysis, and insects in low-salinity brackish water were considered as freshwater insects. Using binomial regression, we analysed the proportions of non-native species in freshwater and terrestrial habitats. We then contrasted the richness of non-native and native species among freshwater and terrestrial insects for all insect orders in each region. Methods: We compiled a comprehensive inventory of native and non-native insect species established in freshwater and terrestrial habitats of the three study regions. Location: Europe, North America, New Zealand. Here, we used data from three regions on different continents to determine whether non-native insects are indeed under-represented in freshwater compared with terrestrial assemblages. ![]() Comparisons between freshwater and terrestrial habitats of invader richness relative to native species richness are scarce, which hinders syntheses of invasion processes. However, while many non-native insects are known from terrestrial ecosystems, they appear to be less represented in freshwater habitats. ![]() ![]() Insects represent an important group of species in freshwater and terrestrial habitats, and they constitute a large proportion of non-native species. Aim: Biological invasions are a major threat to biodiversity in aquatic and terrestrial habitats. ![]()
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